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收益终生的十大经典管理学定律 来自：Deshuang Wang(2007-05-17 08:12:32)
| 分类：管理类 |
1、彼得原理
每个组织都是由各种不同的职位、等级或阶层的排列所组成，每个人都隶属于其中的某个等级。彼得原理是美国学者劳斯・彼得在对组织中人员晋升的相关现象研究后，得出一个结论：在各种组织中,雇员总是趋向于晋升到其不称职的地位。彼得原理有时也被称为向上爬的原理。
2、酒与污水定律
酒与污水定律是指把一匙 酒倒进一桶污水，得到的是一桶污水；如果把一匙污水倒进一桶酒，得到的还是一桶污水。在任何组织里，几乎都存在几个难弄的人物，他们存在的目的似乎就是为 了把事情搞糟。最糟糕的是，他们像果箱里的烂苹果，如果不及时处理，它会迅速传染，把果箱里其他苹果也弄烂。
3、木桶定律
水桶定律是讲一只水桶能 装多少水，这完全取决于它最短的那块木板。这就是说任何一个组织，可能面临的一个共同问题，即构成组织的各个部分往往是优劣不齐的，而劣势部分往往决定整 个组织的水平。水桶定律与酒与污水定律不同，后者讨论的是组织中的破坏力量，最短的木板却是组织中有用的一个部分，只不过比其他部分差一些，你不能把它们 当成烂苹果扔掉。强弱只是相对而言的，无法消除，问题在于你容忍这种弱点到什么程度，如果严重到成为阻碍工作的瓶颈，你就不得不有所动作。
4、马太效应
《新约・马太福音》中有这样一个故事：一个国王远行前，交给3个仆人每人一锭银子，吩咐道：你们去做生意，等我回来时，再来见我。国王回来时，第一个仆人说：主人，你交给我的一锭银子，我已赚了10锭。于是，国王奖励他10座城邑。第二个仆人报告：主人，你给我的一锭银子，我已赚了5锭。于是，国王奖励他5座城邑。第三仆人报告说：主人，你给我的1锭银子，我一直包在手帕里，怕丢失，一直没有拿出来。于是，国王命令将第三个仆人的1锭 银子赏给第一个仆人，说：凡是少的，就连他所有的，也要夺过来。凡是多的，还要给他，叫他多多益善，这就是马太效应，反应当今社会中存在的一个普遍现象， 即赢家通吃。对企业经营发展而言，马太效应告诉我们，要想在某一个领域保持优势，就必须在此领域迅速做大。当你成为某个领域的领头羊时，即便投资回报率相 同，你也能更轻易地获得比弱小的同行更大的收益。而若没有实力迅速在某个领域做大，就要不停地寻找新的发展领域，才能保证获得较好的回报。
5、零和游戏原理
零和游戏是指一项游戏中，游戏者有输有赢，一方所赢正是另一方所输，游戏的总成绩永远为零，零和游戏原理之所以广受关注，主要是因为人们在社会的方方面面都能发现与零和游戏类似的局面，胜利者的光荣后面往往隐藏着失败者的辛酸和苦涩。
6、华盛顿合作规律
华盛顿合作规律说的是一个人敷衍了事，两个人互相推诿，三个人则永无成事之日。多少有点类似于我们三个和尚的故事。人与人的合作，不是人力的简单相加，而是要复杂和微妙得多。在这种合作中，假定每个人的能力都为1，那么，10个人的合作结果有时比10大得多，有时，甚至比1还要小。因为人不是静止物，而更像方向各异的能量，相互推动时，自然事半功倍，相互抵触时，则一事无成。
7、手表定理
手表定理是指一个人有一 只表时，可以知道现在是几点钟，当他同时拥有两只表时，却无法确定。两只手表并不能告诉一个人更准确的时间，反而会让看表的人失去对准确时间的信心。手表 定理在企业经营管理方面，给我们一种非常直观的启发，就是对同一个人或同一个组织的管理，不能同时采用两种不同的方法，不能同时设置两个不同的目标，甚至 每一个人不能由两个人同时指挥，否则将使这个企业或这个人无所适从。手表定理所指的另一层含义在于，每个人都不能同时选择两种不同的价值观，否则，你的行 为将陷于混乱。
8、不值得定律
不值得定律最直观的表述 是：不值得做的的事情，就不值得做好。这个定律再简单不过了，重要性却时时被人们忽视遗忘。不值得定律反映人们的一种心理，一个人如果从事的是一份自认为 不值得做的事情，往往会保持冷嘲热讽，敷衍了事的态度，不仅成功率低，而且即使成功，也不觉得有多大的成就感。
9、蘑菇管理
蘑菇管理是许多组织对待初出茅庐者的一种管理方法，初学者被置于阴暗的角落(不受重视的部门，或打杂跑腿的工作)，浇上一头大粪(无端的批评、指责、代人受过)，任其自生自灭(得不到必要的指导和提携)。 相信很多人都有过这样一段蘑菇的经历，这不一定是什么坏事，尤其是当一切刚刚开始的时候，当几天蘑菇，能够消除我们很多不切实际的幻想，让我们更加接近现 实，看问题也更加实际。一个组织，一般对新进的人员都是一视同仁，从起薪到工作都不会有大的差别。无论你是多么优秀的人才，在刚开始的时候，都只能从最简 单的事情做起，蘑菇的经历，对于成长中的年轻人来说，就象蚕茧，是羽化前必须经历的一步。所以，如何高效率地走过生命的这一段，从中尽可能汲取经验，成熟 起来，并树立良好的值得信赖的个人形象，是每个刚入社会的年轻人必须面对的课题。
10、奥卡姆剃刀定律
12世 纪，英国奥卡姆的威廉主张唯名论，只承认确实存在的东西，认为那些空洞无物的普遍性概念都是无用的累赘，应当被无情地剃除。他主张如无必要，勿增实体。这 就是常说的奥卡姆剃刀。这把剃刀曾使很多人感到威胁，被认为是异端邪说，威廉本人也因此受到迫害。然而，并未损害这把刀的锋利，相反，经过数百年的岁月， 奥卡姆剃刀已被历史磨得越来越快，并早已超载原来狭窄的领域，而具有广泛、丰富、深刻的意义。奥卡姆剃刀定律在企业管理中可进一步演化为简单与复杂定律： 把事情变复杂很简单，把事情变简单很复杂。这个定律要求，我们在处理事情时，要把握事情的主要实质，把握主流，解决最根本的问题，尤其要顺应自然，不要把 事情人为地复杂化，这样才能把事情处理好。
翻译：
1, Peter Principle
each organization are different types of jobs, grades or class composed of the arrangement, every one of them belonging to a certain level. Peter Principle is the American scholar Peter Rouse organizations in the promotion of research related phenomena, came to a conclusion : in various organizations, employees always tend to be promoted to their incompetent status. Peter Principle is also sometimes known as the climb to the principle. This phenomenon in real life everywhere : an incompetent professors have been upgraded to university presidents, but not competent; An outstanding athletes have been upgraded to the officials in charge of sports, and doing nothing. Of an organization, once a considerable portion of its staff pushed the level of incompetence, the organization will result in overstaffing, inefficient, resulting in mediocre person to succeed in the development of stagnation. Therefore, it requires a simple change in the basis of contributions to the promotion of enterprise decision staff promotion mechanisms, not by someone in a position to do an excellent job, we infer that this person must capable of a higher position. Will be promoted to a trade union can not be a good play to the post, I am not only not the right incentives, Instead, it can not be a good play, but also brought losses to the enterprise.
2, wine and liquor law and sewage effluent law refers to a spoonful of wine into a bucket of sewage, is the bucket of water; If a spoonful of sewage into the bucket of wine, or a bucket of the sewage. In any organization, there is almost difficult to get some of the people, it seemed that the purpose of existence is to bring the issue to paralysis. Worst of all, they like the fruit box rotten apples, if not handled in a timely manner, it will rapidly spread, put other fruit box bundled rotten apple. Gebozhichu rotten apples, it is alarming that damaging. A person of integrity capable of entering a chaotic departments may be swamped. and a non-German who can not only will soon be an efficient department into a mess. Organizational systems are often fragile and is based on mutual understanding, tolerance and compromise on the basis of that very easily be damaged, and poisoned. Extraordinary ability to destroy another important reason is that the destruction is better than building easier. A skilled craftsman spent time carefully made ceramics, a donkey seconds can damage a swap. If an organization has such a an ass, even with the more skilled craftsman. there will be no number of decent work. If your organization has such a one donkey, you should immediately remove it off, if you are unable to do so. it should be tied up.
3, cask buckets law is the law say a number of buckets can hold water, which depends entirely on its shortest piece of wood. This means any one organization may face a common problem, that constituted the various parts of the pros are often missing, and the disadvantage of often determine the level of the entire organization. Liquor law with buckets and sewage law, which is to discuss the organization of the forces of destruction, the shortest plank tissue is a useful part, but worse than some other parts. You can not regard them as rotten apple thrown away. Strength is a relative term, can not be eliminated, the problem is that you tolerate this kind of weakness to what extent, If serious obstacles to become the bottleneck, you have some movement.
4, Matthew Effect "New Testament Gospel of Matthew" has this kind of a story : a separation of the former king, Sancho to three per person a gift to say : you do business, the time I come back, come and see me. King returned, the first servant said : masters, you gave me the one gift I have earned a 10. Therefore, the King award for his 10-eup. The second servant : owner, you give me a gift, I have earned a 5. Therefore, the King award for his five-eup. 3rd servant report said : masters, you give me a gift, I have been wrapped in a handkerchief, the fear of loss, has never showed. So, the king ordered the third servant of a gift presented a servant, said : whatever small, but even his all, also won over. Any more, but also to him, called him the more the better, and this is Matthew Effect, the reaction in today's society there was a widespread phenomenon. that the winner takes all. Of business development, Matthew Effect tells us that in order to maintain a certain field advantage we must rapidly expand this area. When you become the leader in certain fields, even if the same rate of return on investment. You can be more easily than small peer greater benefits. And even if it did not have the strength to rapidly expand in a certain area, we must continually look for new areas of growth can be assured of better returns.
5, and game theory is a zero-sum game is a game in which players win or lose. It is a party to win by the other party loses, the game will always score zero, a zero-sum game theory has wide public concern and mainly because people in the community can discover all aspects of a zero-sum game with a similar situation. the glorious victor is often hidden behind the bitterness of failure and bitterness. The 20th century, mankind experienced two world wars, high-speed economic growth, scientific and technological progress, globalization and the increasingly serious environmental pollution, a zero-sum game concept is gradually being replaced by the concept of a win-win situation. People began to realize that was not necessarily benefit at the expense of the establishment of the foundation. Through effective cooperation happy outcome is likely to happen. However, a zero-sum game to a win-win situation, the requirements with respect to the spirit of cooperation and good faith and courage, not to cooperate in the small smart, Do not think for other people's cheaper to comply with the rules of the game, otherwise it was a win-win situation is impossible, ultimately suffer or their collaborators.
6, Washington, Washington cooperation law is the law that a person's indifference, the shifting of two people, three individuals were never possible date. We somewhat similar to the story of three monks. People-to-people cooperation, is not the simple addition of manpower, but is much more subtle and complex. In such cooperation, it is assumed that everyone has the capacity for one, then 10 individuals in the results sometimes greater than 10, Sometimes, even compared to an even smaller. Because people are not static objects, like the direction of the different energy, mutual promotion, the natural taken, conflicting, you can do nothing. Our traditional management theory, the study of which is not, the most direct reflection is, most of the current management system and acts to reduce the unnecessary consumption, Instead of using the organization to improve efficiency. In other words, it may be that management is not the main purpose for each person to do better, but to avoid too much friction.
7, watches theorem watches theorem refers to a person with a table, they can know it is a few minutes When he has two forms, but can not be confirmed. Two watches and can not tell a more accurate time, we would give people a look at the precise time to lose confidence. Watches Theorem in business management, to a very intuitive insights is the same individual or an organization with the management, can use two different methods, unable to set up two different goals, or even individuals from each of two people simultaneously command, Otherwise, allow the enterprise or the person at a loss. Referring to the theorem watches another implication is that everyone can be selected for two different values, or else Your actions will be disrupted.
8, the law is not worth the law is not worth the visual expression is : not worth doing things, it would not be worth doing a good job. The law is simply, the importance has always been neglected forgotten. Not worthy of the law reflects a psychological, if a person is engaged in a self that is not worth doing, often remain cynical, perfunctory attitude, not only the low success rate, but even if they succeed, not think much of a sense of achievement. Therefore, the individual should be in the wide choice of objectives and values of a selection, then struggle. Choose your love, love your choice, we can inspire the morale can be at ease. For a business or organization, will have a good staff to analyze the characteristics of personality and reasonable allocation, If a strong wish for the success of workers to complete the lead alone or with a certain risk and difficulty of the work, and at its completion, timely recognition and praise; Let dependent workers wishing to stronger, more a part of the same groups *; Let a strong desire for power of trade unions as one with the ability to adapt to charge. Also to strengthen the staff of the identification with corporate goals, allowing the employees to feel that the work is worth it, This will stimulate the enthusiasm of workers.
9, mushrooms mushrooms management is the management of many organizations treat the novice a management method beginners are placed in a dark corner (ill departments, miscellaneous services run errands or work), doused a excrement (groundless criticism and finger-pointing, rap). to his own devices (without the necessary guidance and spirits). I think many people have such a mushroom experience, it is not such a bad thing. especially when everything just started, the days when the mushroom, we can eliminate a lot of unrealistic illusions, Let us closer to reality, and they are also more practical. 1, the new general staff equally, from starting to work there will be no great difference. Whether you how talented people, in the beginning, are only from the most simple things, mushrooms experience, for the growth of young people, as Cocoon, must go through before finding the step. So, how efficient way through the life of this section, as far as possible, learn from the experience, maturity, and foster good trustworthy personal image, each of the newcomers are young people in the community must face.
10, O. razor law 12th century, the British O. William advocate nominalism, only acknowledge the existence of the things that those wishy-washy concept of universality is useless and cumbersome should be mercilessly eyebrows. He suggested if not necessary, do not increase entities. It is often said that the O. razors. This has put a razor to make many people feel a sense of threat, is considered heresy and William I also suffer persecution. However, it does not damage the sharp knife, on the contrary, after several centuries of time, O. razor raw history has been getting faster and faster and the original overloading already narrow field, with wide, rich and profound significance. O. razor law in enterprise management can further evolution of the law of simple and complex : things change very complicated simple, change simple things become very complicated. The law, we deal with things, to grasp the essence of things, grasp the mainstream and tackle the fundamental issues, In particular, must adapt naturally, will not make things artificially complicated, in order to bring the issue to handle.
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